Friday, 5 April 2013

DUCATI

Ducati

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This article is about the Italian motorcycle manufacturer. For the electrical and electronic component manufacturer, see Ducati Energia.
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
Type Private
Industry Motorcycle manufacturing
Founded 1926
Founder(s)
  • Adriano Ducati
  • Bruno Ducati
  • Marcello Ducati
Headquarters Bologna, Italy
Area served Worldwide
Key people
  • Giampiero Paoli
    Chairman
  • Gabriele Del Torchio
    CEO
  • Claudio Domenicali
    General Manager
  • Filippo Preziosi
    Director for R&D
Products
Revenue €479 million[1]
Parent Audi[1]
Subsidiaries Ducati Corse S.r.l.
Website ducati.com
References: [1]
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. is an Italian company that designs and manufactures motorcycles. Headquartered in Bologna, Italy, Ducati is owned by Audi through its Italian subsidiary Lamborghini.[1]

Contents

History

The first Ducati logo, 1926—1930s[2]
In 1926 three brothers, Adriano, Marcello, and Bruno Ducati; founded Societa Scientifica Radio Brevetti Ducati in Bologna to produce vacuum tubes, condensers and other radio components, becoming successful enough by 1935 to construct a new factory in the Borgo Panigale area of the city. Production was maintained during World War II, despite the Ducati factory being a repeated target for Allied bombing.
Ducati Factory
Ducati "Cucciolo", 1950
Meanwhile, at the small Turinese firm SIATA (Societa Italiana per Applicazioni Tecniche Auto-Aviatorie), Aldo Farinelli began developing a small pushrod engine for mounting on bicycles. Barely a month after the official liberation of Italy in 1944, SIATA announced its intention to sell this engine, called the "Cucciolo" (Italian for "puppy," in reference to the distinctive exhaust sound) to the public. The first Cucciolos were available alone, to be mounted on standard bicycles, by the buyer; however, businessmen soon bought the little engines in quantity, and offered complete motorized-bicycle units for sale.
In 1950, after more than 200,000 Cucciolos had been sold, in collaboration with SIATA, the Ducati firm finally offered its own Cucciolo-based motorcycle. This first Ducati motorcycle was a 48 cc bike weighing 98 lb (44 kg) with a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) had a 15 mm carburetor giving just under 200 mpg-US (1.2 L/100 km; 240 mpg-imp). Ducati soon dropped the Cucciolo name in favor of "55M" and "65TL".
Ducati 175 Cruiser, 1952
Ducati Mach 1
When the market moved toward larger motorcycles, Ducati management decided to respond, making an impression at an early-1952 Milan show, introducing their 65TS cycle and Cruiser (a four-stroke motor scooter). Despite being described as the most interesting new machine at the 1952 show, the Cruiser was not a great success, and only a few thousand were made over a two-year period before the model ceased production.
In 1953, management split the company into two separate entities, Ducati Meccanica SpA and Ducati Elettronica, in acknowledgment of its diverging motorcycle and electronics product lines. Ducati Elettronica became Ducati Energia SpA in the eighties. Dr. Giuseppe Montano took over as head of Ducati Meccanica SpA and the Borgo Panigale factory was modernized with government assistance. By 1954, Ducati Meccanica SpA had increased production to 120 bikes a day.
In the 1960s, Ducati earned its place in motorcycling history by producing the fastest 250 cc road bike then available, the Mach 1.[3][4][5] In the 1970s Ducati began producing large-displacement V-twin motorcycles and in 1973, released a V-twin with the trademarked desmodromic valve design. In 1985, Cagiva bought Ducati and planned to rebadge Ducati motorcycles with the lesser-known Cagiva name (at least outside of Italy). By the time the purchase was completed, Cagiva kept the "Ducati" name on its motorcycles. In 1996, Texas Pacific Group bought a 51% stake in the company for US$325 million; then, in 1998, bought most of the remaining 49% to become the sole owner of Ducati. In 1999, TPG issued an IPO of Ducati stock and renamed the company Ducati Motor Holding SpA. TPG sold over 65% of its shares in Ducati, leaving TPG the majority shareholder. In December 2005, Ducati returned to Italian ownership with the sale of Texas Pacific's stake (minus one share) to Investindustrial Holdings, the investment fund of Carlo and Andrea Bonomi.
In April 2012, Volkswagen Group's Audi subsidiary announced its intention to buy Ducati for €860 million (US$1.2 billion). Volkswagen chairman Ferdinand Piëch, a motorcycle enthusiast, had long coveted Ducati, and had regretted that he passed up an opportunity to buy the company from the Italian government in 1984. Analysts doubted a tiny motorcycle maker would have a meaningful effect on a company the size of Volkswagen, commenting that the acquisition has "a trophy feel to it," and, "is driven by VW's passion for nameplates rather than industrial or financial logic". Italian luxury car brand Lamborghini was strengthened under VW ownership.[6][7] AUDI AG's Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. subsidiary acquired 100 percent of the shares of Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. on July 19, 2012 for €747 million (US$909 million).[1]

Ownership

Since 1926, Ducati has been owned by a number of groups and companies.
  • 1926–1950 — Ducati family
  • 1950–1967 — Government Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) management
    • 1953 — Split into Ducati Meccanica-now called Ducati Motor and Ducati Elettronica-now called Ducati Energia
  • 1967–1978 — Government EFIM management (control over day-to-day factory operations)
    • 1967–1973 — Headed By Giuseppe Montano[8]
    • 1973–1978 — Headed by Cristiano de Eccher[9]
  • 1978–1985 — VM Group
  • 1985–1996 — Cagiva Group ownership
  • 1996–2005 — Texas-Pacific Group (US-based) ownership and going public
    • Headed by CEO Federico Minoli, 1996-2001; returning for 2003—2007
  • 2005–2008 — Investindustrial Holdings SpA
  • 2008-2012 — Performance Motorcycles SpA[10]
An investment vehicle formed by Investindustrial Holdings, BS Investimenti and Hospitals of Ontario Pension Plan
AUDI AG acquired 100% of the voting rights of Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. via Audi's Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. subsidiary
Ducati logo 1997—2008[11]
From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Spanish company MotoTrans licensed Ducati engines and produced motorcycles that, although they incorporated subtle differences, were clearly Ducati-derived. MotoTrans's most notable machine was the 250 cc 24 Horas (Spanish for 24 hours).

Motorcycle designs

2006 Ducati Paul Smart 1000LE
Ducati is best known for high performance motorcycles characterized by large capacity four-stroke, 90° V-twin engines,[12] featuring a desmodromic valve design.[13] Ducati refers to this configuration as L-twin because one cylinder is vertical while the other is horizontal, making it look like a letter "L". Modern Ducatis remain among the dominant performance motorcycles available today partly because of the desmodromic valve design, which is nearing its 50th year of use. Desmodromic valves are closed with a separate, dedicated cam lobe and lifter instead of the conventional valve springs used in most internal combustion engines in consumer vehicles. This allows the cams to have a more radical profile, thus opening and closing the valves more quickly without the risk of valve-float, which causes a loss of power that is likely when using a "passive" closing mechanism under the same conditions.
While most other manufacturers utilize wet clutches (with the spinning parts bathed in oil)[14] Ducati previously used multiplate dry clutches in many of their motorcycles. The dry clutch eliminates the power loss from oil viscosity drag on the engine even though the engagement may not be as smooth as the oil bath versions but the clutch plates can wear more rapidly. Ducati has converted to wet clutches across their current product lines.
Ducati also extensively uses the Trellis Steel Frame configuration, although Ducati's MotoGP project broke with this tradition by introducing a revolutionary carbon fibre frame for the Ducati Desmosedici GP9.

Product history

See also: Ducati Museum
The chief designer of most Ducati motorcycles in the 1950s was Fabio Taglioni (1920–2001). His designs ranged from the small single-cylinder machines that were successful in the Italian 'street races' to the large-capacity twins of the 1980s. Ducati introduced the Pantah in 1979; its engine was updated in the 1990s in the Ducati SuperSport (SS) series. All modern Ducati engines are derivatives of the Pantah, which uses a toothed belt to actuate the engine's valves. Taglioni used the Cavallino Rampante (identified with the Ferrari brand) on his Ducati motorbikes, Taglioni chose this emblem of courage and daring as a sign of respect and admiration for Francesco Baracca, a heroic World War I fighter pilot who died during an air raid in 1918.[15]

1950s

Main article: Ducati Singles

1960s

Main article: Ducati Singles
See also: Ducati Apollo
[icon] This section requires expansion. (November 2009)

1970s

Main article: Ducati V-twin motorcycles
In 1973, Ducati commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.
Ducati also targeted the offroad market with the two-stroke Regolarità 125, building 3,486 models from 1975 to 1979, but the bike was not successful.[16]
In 1975, the company introduced the 860 GT, designed by noted car stylist Giorgio Giugiaro. Its angular lines were unique, but raised handlebars made for an uncomfortable seating position at high speeds and also caused steering issues.[17]

1980s

Main article: Ducati Desmoquattro motorcycles
Ducati's liquid-cooled multi-valve V-twins made from 1985 on are known as Desmoquattro ("desmodromic valve four "). These include the 851, 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

1990s

In 1993, Miguel Angel Galuzzi introduced the Ducati Monster,[18] a naked bike with exposed trellis and engine. Today the Monster accounts for almost half of the company's worldwide sales. The Monster has undergone the most changes of any motorcycle that Ducati has ever produced.
In 1993, Pierre Terblanche, Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono. A 550 cc single-cylinder lightweight "Catalog Racer". Only 67 were built between 1993 and 1997.
In 1994, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini,[19] a water-cooled version that allowed for higher output levels and a striking new bodywork that featured aggressive lines, an underseat exhaust, and a single-sided swingarm. Ducati has since ceased production of the 916, supplanting it (and its progeny, the 748, 996 and 998) with the 749 and 999.

2000s

In 2006, the retro-styled Ducati PaulSmart1000LE was released, which shares styling cues with the 1973 750 SuperSport (itself a production replica of Paul Smart's 1972 race winning 750 Imola Desmo), as one of a SportClassic series representing the 750 GT, 750 Sport, and 750 SuperSport Ducati motorcycles.

Current lineup

Ducati Hypermotard
Ducati Desmosedici RR
Ducati 1098 S Tricolore
Monster[21][22][23]
  • 696
  • 796
  • 1100 Evo
Multistrada[22][23][24]
Diavel[25]
  • Diavel, Cromo, Carbon, and Strada
Superbike[22][23][26]
Hypermotard[22][23][27]
  • Hypermotard
  • Hypermotard SP
  • Hyperstrada
Streetfighter[22][23][28]
  • Streetfighter
  • Streetfighter S

Current Engines

  • Desmodue: Desmodromic two-valve, air-cooled, 60° included valve angle, (800SS, Monster 696 796)
  • Desmodue Evoluzione: Desmo two-valve, air-cooled, (Hypermotard 1100 Evo, Monster 1100 Evo)
  • Testastretta 11°: Desmo four-valve, liquid-cooled, 11° valve overlap angle (Diavel, Multistrada 1200, Streetfighter 848)
  • Testastretta 11° DS: Desmo four-valve, liquid-cooled, 11° valve overlap angle, dual ignition (Multistrada 1200 DS)
  • Testastretta Evoluzione: Desmo four-valve, liquid-cooled, 24.3° included valve angle, 41° valve overlap angle (848, 1098, 1198, Streetfighter 1098)
  • Superquadro: Desmo four-valve, liquid cooled (1199 Panigale)

Past Engines

  • Desmodue DS: Desmo two-valve, air-cooled, 56° included valve angle, dual ignition (1000DS, Multistrada 1000, 1000S, Monster S2R 1000, SportClassic GT 1000, Sport 1000, 1000S, Hypermotard 1100, 1100S)
  • Desmotre DS: Desmo three-valve, liquid-cooled, 40° included valve angle, dual ignition (ST3)
  • Desmoquattro: Desmo four-valve, liquid-cooled, 40° included valve angle, (851, 888, 916, 996, 748, Monster S4, Monster S4R 996)
  • Testastretta: Desmo four-valve, liquid-cooled, 25° included valve angle, (999, 998, 749, Monster S4R 998)

Motorcycle design history

2007 Ducati Monster S4Rs Testastretta
Ducati (in its various incarnations) has produced several styles of motorcycle engines, including varying the number of cylinders, type of valve actuation and fuel delivery. Ducati is best known for its V-twin engine, called a L-twin by the company, which is the powerplant in the majority of Ducati-marqued motorcycles. Ducati has also manufactured engines with one, two, three or four cylinders; operated by pull rod valves and push rod valves; single, double and triple overhead camshafts; two-stroke and even at one stage manufactured small diesel engines, many of which were used to power boats, generators, garden machinery and emergency pumps (for example, for fire fighting). The engines were the IS series from 7 to 22 hp (5.2 to 16 kW) air-cooled and the larger twin DM series water- and air-cooled. The engines have been found in all parts of the globe. Wisconsin Diesel even assembled and 'badge engineered' the engines in the USA. They have also produced outboard motors for marine use. Currently, Ducati makes no other engines except for its motorcycles.
On current Ducati motors except for the Desmosedici and 1199 Panigale, the valves are actuated by a standard valve cam shaft which is rotated by a timing belt driven by the motor directly. The teeth on the belt keep the camshaft drive pulleys indexed. On older Ducati motors, prior to 1986, drive was by solid shaft that transferred to the camshaft through bevel-cut gears. This method of valve actuation was used on many of Ducati's older single-cylinder motorcycles — the shaft tube is visible on the outside of the cylinder.
Ducati is also famous for using the desmodromic valve system championed by engineer and designer Fabio Taglioni though they have also used engines that use valve springs to close their valves. In the early days, Ducati reserved the desmodromic valve heads for its higher performance bikes and its race bikes. These valves do not suffer from valve float at high engine speeds, thus a desmodromic engine is capable of far higher revolutions than a similarly configured engine with traditional spring-valve heads.
In the 1960s and 1970s Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the U.S.
Ducati has produced the following motorcycle engine types:
  • Single-cylinder,
    • pullrod actuated, 48 cc and 65 cc (Cucciolo)
    • pushrod actuated, 98 and 125 cc
    • two-stroke, 50, 80, 90, 100, 125 cc
    • bevel actuated, spring valved: 98 cc, 100 cc, 125 cc, 160 cc, 175 cc, 200 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, 450 cc
    • bevel actuated, desmodromic valved : 125 cc, 239 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc and 450 cc
    • belt actuated, desmodromic valved : 549/572 cc Supermono, only 65 made.
  • Two-cylinder,
    • bevel actuated, spring valved (V-twin): 750 cc, 860 cc
    • bevel actuated, desmo valved (V-twin): 750 cc, 860 cc, 973 cc (Mille)
    • bevel actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 125 cc,
    • chain actuated, spring valved (parallel twin): 350 cc, 500 cc (GTL)
    • chain actuated, desmo valved (parallel twin): 500 cc (500SD)
    • belt actuated, desmo valved (V-twin): Almost all motors since 1986.
  • Four-cylinder,
    • gear actuated, desmo valved (V4): (Desmosedici)
    • pushrod actuated, spring valved (V4): Prototype Apollo, only two made.

Enthusiasts groups

A key part of Ducati's marketing strategy since the 1990s has been fostering a distinct community identity in connection with branding efforts including online communities and local, regional and national Ducati enthusiast clubs. There are more than 400 Ducati clubs worldwide and 20,000 registered users of the Ducati Owners Club web site and 17,000 subscribers to the racing web site.[29] Enthusiasts and riders are informally referred to in the motorcycling community as Ducatista (singular) or Ducatisti (plural).
In North America there are several Ducati enthusiasts organizations with varying degrees of factory sponsorship. DESMO, the Ducati Enthusiast Sport Motorcycle Organization, is a North American group affiliated with the factory Desmo Owners Club.[30] Some groups are focused on vintage Ducatis[31] while several are based primarily or entirely on email discussion lists or web forums such as Ducati.net.[32][33]

Ducati products other than motorcycles

1942 Ducati radio
Ducati Meccanica (as the company was previously known) has its marque on non-motorcycle products as well. In the 1930s and 1940s, Ducati manufactured radios, cameras, and electrical products such as a razor. Ducati made a marine binocular called the BIMAR for the Kriegsmarine during World War II, some of which were sold on the civilian market after the war.[34] The Ducati Sogno was a half-frame Leica-like camera which is now a collector's item. Ducati and Bianchi have developed and launched a new line of racing bicycles.[35]
Currently, there are four Ducati companies: Ducati Motor Holding (the subject of this article), Ducati Corse (which runs the Ducati racing program and is wholly owned by Ducati Motor Holding), Ducati Energia, a designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components and systems and Ducati Sistemi, a subsidiary of Ducati Energia. All are located in Borgo Panigale in Bologna, Italy.
Ducati Motor Holding often uses electrical components and subsystems from Ducati Energia.

Merchandising

Ducati has a wide range of accessories, lifestyle products and co-branded merchandise bearing their logos and designs. The company has a licensing agreement with Tumi Inc., launching a collection of eight co-branded luggage pieces in 2006 sold through both of the brands' retail outlets.[36]

Racing history

Main article: Ducati Corse
2008 Ducati Desmosedici GP8 (motoGP)
Ducati's history with motorsport began with speed records on Cucciolo motorized bicycle factory racers in 1951, followed in 1954 with bringing in Fabio Taglioni to found a road racing program with the 100 Gran Sport.[37] As of 2009, Ducati was still pursuing the "win on Sunday, sell on Monday" business model and spending 10% of company revenues, €40 million, on its racing business.[38][39]

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30 year absence.[40] On September 23, 2007, Casey Stoner clinched his and Ducati's first Grand Prix World Championship.
When Ducati re-joined MotoGP in 2003, MotoGP had changed its rules to allow four-stroke 990 cc engines to race. At the time Ducati was the fastest bike. In 2007, MotoGP reduced the engine size to 800 cc (49 cu in), and Ducati continued to be the fastest with a bike that was markedly quicker than its rivals as was displayed by Casey Stoner on tracks with long straights.
For 2009, Ducati Marlboro Team campaigned their Desmosedici GP9 with former World Champions Casey Stoner and Nicky Hayden.[41] Ducati also supplies customer bikes to the Alice Team, with Mika Kallio and Niccolò Canepa riding for the team in 2009.[42]
Ducati has announced that for the 2011 season, nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi will ride for Ducati Corse.[43][44] This relationship ended at the end of the 2012 season with Rossi returning to the Yamaha team for the 2013/14 seasons.[45]
Year Champion Motorcycle
2007 Australia Casey Stoner Ducati Desmosedici GP7

Superbike World Championship (SBK)

For 2009, Ducati will race a homologated version of the 1198. The FIM, the sanctioning body for the Superbike World Championship, has raised the displacement limit for two-cylinder engines to 1200 cc.[46] In 2007, Ducati raced their 999F07 which is a homologated racing version of the 999R because maximum displacement for two-cylinder engines was limited to 1000 cc.
The company has won 13 rider's world championships since the championship's inception in 1988. It has been argued that Ducati has amassed more wins than any other manufacturer because the rules are deliberately set to favour their bikes through manufacturer lobbying; this, of course, is a matter of dispute.[47] In 2006, Troy Bayliss' championship winning 999R was quoted to have 10 to 15 hp (7.5 to 11 kW) less than the Japanese four-cylinder rivals, despite the fact that the Ducati V-twin had fewer limitations imposed for tuning its engine (afforded due to the two-cylinder configuration).
Noriyuki Haga finished the 2009 World Superbike season aboard the factory-backed 1098R second overall behind Ben Spies, with 8 wins, and 19 podiums.[48]
Year Champion Motorcycle
1990 France Raymond Roche Ducati 851
1991 United States Doug Polen Ducati 888
1992 United States Doug Polen Ducati 888
1994 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 916
1995 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 916
1996 Australia Troy Corser Ducati 916
1998 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 916
1999 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 996
2001 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 996
2003 United Kingdom Neil Hodgson Ducati 999
2004 United Kingdom James Toseland Ducati 999
2006 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 999
2008 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 1098
2011 Spain Carlos Checa Ducati 1098R
Ducati has also won 16 SBK manufacturer world championships for years 1991–1996, 1998–2004, 2006, 2008–2009 and 2011.

Supersport World Championship

Year Champion Motorcycle
1997 Italy Paolo Casoli

FIM Superstock 1000 Championship

Year Champion Motorcycle
2007 Italy  Niccolò Canepa Ducati 1098S
2008 Australia  Brendan Roberts Ducati 1098R
2009 Belgium  Xavier Siméon Ducati 1098R
2011 Italy  Davide Giugliano Ducati 1098R

British Superbike Championship

The British Superbike Championship has been won by Ducati riders on eight occasions and entered since 1988:
Year Champion Motorcycle
1995 Scotland Steve Hislop Ducati 916
1999 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 996
2000 England Neil Hodgson Ducati 996
2001 England John Reynolds Ducati 996
2002 Scotland Steve Hislop Ducati 998
2003 England Shane Byrne Ducati 998
2005 Spain Gregorio Lavilla Ducati 999
2008 England Shane Byrne Ducati 1098

AMA Superbike Championship

In the AMA Superbike Championship, Ducati has had its share of success, with Doug Polen winning the title in 1993 and Troy Corser the following year in 1994. Ducati has entered a bike in every AMA Superbike season since 1986, but withdrew from the series after the 2006 season.[49][50][51]
Year Champion Motorcycle
1993 United States Doug Polen Ducati 888
1994 Australia Troy Corser Ducati 888
Ducati had an important place in early Superbike racing history in the United States and vice versa: In 1977, Cycle magazine editors Cook Neilson and Phil Schilling took a Ducati 750SS to first place at Daytona in the second-ever season of AMA Superbike racing. "Neilson retired from racing at the end of the year, but the bike he and Schilling built — nicknamed Old Blue for its blue livery — became a legend," says Richard Backus from Motorcycle Classics: "How big a legend? Big enough for Ducati to team with Italian specialty builder NCR to craft a limited-edition update, New Blue, based on the 2007 Sport 1000S, and big enough to inspire the crew at the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum (see Barber Motorsports Park), arguably one of the most important motorcycle museums in the world, to commission Ducati specialist Rich Lambrechts to craft a bolt-by-bolt replica for its collection. The finished bike's name? Deja Blue."[52]

Australian Superbike Championship

Year Champion Motorcycle
1999 Australia Steve Martin Ducati 996RS

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