FLAT

Flatcar

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A string of flatcars carries tanks (under tarps) in April 1943

A flatcar (US) (also flat car (US)^[1] or flat wagon (non-US)) is a piece of railroad (US) or railway (non-US) rolling stock that consists of an open, flat deck on four or six wheels or a pair of trucks (US) or bogies (UK). The deck of the car can be wood or steel, and the sides of the deck can include pockets for stakes or tie-down points to secure loads. Flatcars designed for carrying machinery have sliding chain assemblies recessed in the deck.^[2]
Flatcars are used for loads that are too large or cumbersome to load in enclosed cars such as boxcars. They are also often used to transport intermodal containers (shipping containers) or trailers as part of intermodal freight transport shipping.

Contents 1 Specialized types 1.1 Aircraft parts flatcars 1.2 Bulkhead flatcars 1.3 Centerbeam flatcars/Lumber racks 1.4 Heavy capacity flatcars 1.5 Circus use 1.6 Remote control use 1.7 Intermodal freight use 1.7.1 Spine car 1.8 Skeleton car 1.9 Idler flatcars 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Specialized types

Aircraft parts flatcars

Aircraft parts were hauled via conventional freight cars beginning in World War II. However, given the ever-increasing size of aircraft assemblies, the "Sky Box" method of shipping parts was developed in the late 1960s specifically to transport parts for the Boeing 747 and other "jumbo" jets of the time. The "Sky Box" consists of a two-piece metal shell that is placed atop a standard flatcar to support and protect wing and tail assemblies and fuselage sections in transit (originally, depressed-center or "fish belly" cars were utilized).
Boeing 737 aircraft have been shipped throughout the United States on special trains, including the fuselage.^{[citation needed]}

Bulkhead flatcars

Bulkhead flatcars are designed with sturdy end-walls (bulkheads) to prevent loads from shifting past the ends of the car. Loads typically carried are pipe, steel slabs, utility poles and lumber, though lumber and utility poles are increasingly being hauled by skeleton cars. Bulkheads are typically lightweight when empty. A empty bulkhead on a train puts it at a speed restriction to go no more that 50MPH. Since bulkheads are lightweight when empty, hunting can occur when the car is above 50MPH. Hunting is the wobbling movement of the trucks on a freight car or a locomotive and If the wheels hunt against the rails for a period of time, there is a high risk of a derailment.

Centerbeam flatcars/Lumber racks

BC Rail #871027, a centerbeam flat car, leaves Burlington Northern's Eola Yard, in Illinois in 1992

Centerbeam flatcars, centerbeams, center partition railcars or commonly referred to as lumber racks^[1] are specialty cars designed for carrying bundled building supplies such as dimensional lumber, wallboard, and fence posts. They are essentially bulkhead flatcars that have been reinforced by a longitudinal I-beam, often in the form of a Vierendeel truss, sometimes reinforced by diagonal members. They must be loaded symmetrically, with half of the payload on one side of the centerbeam and half on the other to avoid tipping over.

Heavy capacity flatcars

A heavy duty flatcar with load in Ontario in 2004

Heavy capacity flatcars are cars designed to carry more than 100 short tons (90.72 t; 89.29 long tons). They often have more than the typical North American standard of four axles (one two axle truck at each end), and may have a depressed center or "fish belly" to handle excess-height loads as well as two trucks of three axles each (one at each end) or four trucks (two at each end) of two axles each, connected by span bolsters. Loads typically handled include electrical power equipment and large industrial production machinery.

Circus use

Main article: Circus train

A circus train is a modern method of conveyance for circus troupes. One of the larger users of circus trains is the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (RBBB), a famous American circus formed when the Ringling Brothers Circus purchased the Barnum and Bailey Circus in 1907.

Remote control use

Some companies, such as CSX Transportation, have former wood-carrying flatcars rebuilt into platforms which mount remote control equipment for use in operating locomotives. Such platforms are fitted with appropriate headlights, horns, and air brake appliances to operate in the leading position on a cut of cars (i.e. coupled ahead of the locomotive).

Intermodal freight use

Further information: well car

A P&O Nedlloyd intermodal freight flatcar at Banbury station in 2001

A Florida East Coast Railway flatcar carries two shipping containers as it passes through Glen Haven, Wisconsin

This Kansas City Southern Railway flatcar is fitted with fifth wheel coupling hitches for hauling trailers (2004)

COFC (container on flat car) cars are typically 89 feet (27 m) long and carry four 20-foot (6.10 m) intermodal containers or two 40-foot (12.19 m)/45-foot (13.72 m) shipping containers (the two 45-foot or 13.72-metre containers are carryable due to the fact that the car is actually 92 ft (28 m) long, using the strike plates). With the rise of intermodal freight transport-specific cars, and given the age of most of these flats, numbers will decline over the next several years. Indeed, when the first well cars appeared, allowing double stacking, many container flats were re-built as autoracks. The few "new build" container flats are identifiable by their lack of decking, welded steel frame, and standard 89-foot (27 m) length. One variant is the 50 feet (15 m) car (which usually carries one large container as a load); these are actually re-built old boxcars. Common reporting marks are FEC, CP, SOO and KTTX. The ATTX cars, which feature no spark grips and sides, are built for hauling dangerous goods (ammunition, flammable fluids, etc.).
A TOFC (trailer on flat car, a.k.a. piggy-back) car once again, is usually an 89 ft (27 m) car. In the past, these carried three 30 ft (9.1 m) trailers which are, as of 2007, almost obsolete, or one large, 53 ft (16 m), two 40-foot (12.19 m) or 45-foot (13.72 m) trailers. As intermodal traffic grows, these dedicated flats are in decline. Most have been modified to also carry containers. One notable type is Canadian Pacific Railway's XTRX service — dedicated five-unit flats that only carry trailers.

Spine car

A spine car with a 20 ft tanktainer and an open-top 20 ft container with canvas cover

A center sill and side sill only car with lateral arms to support intermodal containers. No deck.

Skeleton car

Similar to the spine car except that it is designed to carry lumber or utility poles. Center sill and lateral arms only. No deck, sometimes no side sills and sometimes no end sills.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

Idler flatcars

In marine service, the linkspan between a ferry or barge and its dock is very weak. In order to avoid loss of cargo and/or heavy locomotives, an old flatcar (which is usually the lightest car available) is used as a bridge between the locomotive on the dock and the cars on the ferry or barge.
Idler flatcars are also used in oversize freight service, as loads such as pipe often overhang the ends of most standard-sized flatcars. Empty flatcars will be placed on both ends of the loaded car. This protects the cargo ends from damage and ensures that the loaded cars don't bind, and damage the ends of adjacent cars.
Often a flat car is placed directly in front of a crane ("big hook") in order to:

• provide a way to remove a wrecked car from a crash site.
• provide a way to store new or removed rail from a work site.
• allow room for the crane's boom while in transit to and from a work site.